Exam II Study Guide

Make sure to go over the listing (Section I), quotes (Section II), and the images on Canvas (Section III).

 

The Reformation & Chapter 4-5

  1. Define the following terms:   Anathema;  Excommunication; Transubstantiation; Heresy; Consubstantiation; Interdict; Petrine Theory 
  2.  Overall what was the outcome of the Reformation in terms of religious breakdowns? (what areas were Catholic & Protestant)
  3. Where did Ulrich Zwingli begin his work?   What reforms did he make?
  4. What effect on Swiss society did Zwingli's reforms have?  What type of government did the Swiss develop?
  5. Who was John Calvin? Where was he from?  What was his great work?
  6. What was the religious position of the Calvinists?  Include Predestination.
  7. Who were the Huguenots?  How were they treated initially?
  8. Who led the Reformation in Scotland?  What were his beliefs?
  9. Who were the Anabaptists?  What did they believe?
  10. Who was Meno Simmons?   Who was Jan Matthys?  What were their beliefs?
  11. Who opposed the Anabaptists?  Why?  What happened to most of the  Anabaptists?
  12. What was the reaction of the Roman Church to the Protestant Reformation?
  13. Who were the Catholic reformers?  Did doctrine change?
  14. How was the Catholic Church reformed in Spain? Who was in charge of the reform in Spain? What were the results?
  15. What was  "limpiez de sangre"?  How did this idea affect reform in Spain?
  16. What was the role of the Index and the Inquisition in Catholic Reform?
  17. Who was Ignatius Loyola?
  18. How did the Papacy approach the  Catholic reform?
  19. What type of government did Spain have? What were its limits?
  20. Which Spanish author satirized the Spanish aristocracy? What was his book?
  21. Explain the economic problems of Spain.  What caused these?
  22. What was the Peace of Augsburg? What principle did it establish?
  23. Explain who  Charles V's ancestors were and what lands he inherited. 
  24. How did Charles V divide his lands when he retired to a monastery?
  25. What two areas did the Hapsburgs rule? 
  26.  What was Philip II's attitude toward the Netherlands?  Why?
  27. What was the 80 Years War over? 
  28. What started the Dutch Revolt? What leader helped the Dutch gain their independence from Spain?
  29. What was the 80 Years War?
  30. Where did the lands of the Netherlands originally come from? What three modern countries are in the location of the original Netherlands?
  31. Who was the candidate for emperor in 1618? What was the problem this caused?
  32. What was the Defenestration of Prague? What caused it?
  33. What was the Thirty Years War about? Whose side did France fight upon?
  34. What were the three phases of the War? What were they named for?
  35. Who was Gustavus Adolphus?
  36. How did the Thirty Years War end? What changed in Europe?
  37. What were the Provisions of the Peace of Westphalia?
  38. Describe the impact of the 30 Years War on the Holy Roman Empire.
  39. How does the 30 Years  War rank against other wars?
  40. What was the role of the  Pope at Westphalia?
  41. What military changes occurred because of the 30 Years War?
  42. What new countries were completely independent at the end of the Thirty Years War?
    43.  
  43. What were the king's two bodies?  How were they different?
  44. What is the difference between "heirs general" and "heirs male"?
  45. Why did the concept of the body politic lead to religious warfare?

 

English Reformation

  1.  What precedents of religious reform were in England before Luther? 
  2. What was the praemunire statute of 1393 about? How was it used in the Reformation?
  3.  What was the problem with Henry VIII's first marriage? Who was his wife? Who were her relatives?
  4. What was the King's Great Matter?    Who was involved?  How was it solved?  
  5. What book about religious reform did Henry VIII write?  What was it about?  What title did he receive because it? 
  6. What made Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church?   What reforms occurred in England?
  7. What was the Act of Settlement?  How did this make England Protestant?
  8. Who opposed Henry VIII's decision?
  9. Name Henry  VIII's six wives in order.  What happened to each one?
  10. Who were Henry VIII's children?  What were their religious perspectives?
  11. What was the order of succession in Henry VIII's will?  What new royal family eventually came to the throne as a result?
  12. Who was Bloody Mary?  Is this an accurate nickname?
  13. Describe the Elizabethan Settlement.  List the six parts of it.
  14. What was the Book of Common Prayer?  Why are parts of it still familiar?
  15. Who objected to the Elizabethan Settlement and why?
  16. Why were England and Spain going to war by the 1580s?
  17. List five problems that contributed the conflict between England & Spain.
  18. What problems did Spain have in preparing the Armada to attack England?
  19. Define privateer.  
  20. Who was El Draque?   What did he do to earn that nickname?
  21. When was the Spanish Armada sent?  What was the major battle that occurred?  Who won?
  22. What finally happened to the Armada?
  23. List four major reasons why it was important that the Armada failed.

 

Imperialism, the Dutch & the English.  (chapters 6-7 in textbook)

  1. What was the economic heart of Europe in 1500? In 1600? In 1750?
  2. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?
  3. List  6 places in each  of the six main European empires (France, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, England & Russia).
  4. Define Joint-Stock company.  List six of them. 
  5. How did the joint-stock copmany assist in empire building?  Which companies were successful?  Which weren't?
  6. When did Spain begin using a joint-stock company? How did this effect their empire?
  7. What country was the main rival for the Dutch? What was this rivalry over? 
  8. What elements did the Dutch and England have in common by 1603?
  9. Name four characteristics of the Dutch in the 1600s.
  10. When was the Golden Age of Dutch painting?  Name three painters associated with this age.
  11. Describe the three main aspects of government in the Netherlands or Dutch Republic.
  12. What family held the position of Stadtholder in the Netherlands?
  13. What painter illustrated the values of the Dutch? Give two paintings & the value represented.
  14.  Define Mercantilism & Bullionism.   How is capitalism different from mercantilism?
  15. Describe the four economic innovations that made the Dutch prosperous.
  16. How did the "factory system" affect the Dutch empire?
  17. What areas overseas did the Dutch dominate through trade?  Which country were only the Dutch allowed into after 1609?
  18. What institutions did the Dutch transfer overseas? (sort of tricky)

 

 

 

English Civil War -- Chapter 7

  1. What medieval document established some of the foundations of English government?
  2. What are the institutions of the English government by 1603?
  3. Name the rights of Englishmen.
  4. List at least 5 connections between Magna Carta/ English government and the American constitution. (handout)
  5. Define common law.
  6. What were the two parts of Parliament in England? 
  7. What two types of Lords sat in the House of Lords?  Describe the backgrounds of the members of the House of Commons.
  8. What three main types of courts did England have by 1603? What other types of courts & court procedures were in place?
  9. How old was the monarch in England? Parliament? the Courts? 
  10. What institutions transferred from England to other places?  Give three examples.
  11. What change in English government in 1603 created problems? Why?
  12. Where was James I king of previously? Who was his mother?
  13. Who was James I? What were his beliefs about the monarchy?
  14. What was the Gunpowder Plot?  What was the rhyme associated with it?
  15. Who was Guy Fawkes & how was he discovered? 
  16. Define a recusant.   What problems did have Catholics have in England?
  17. What problems did James I have as king of England? Why?
  18. Who was king during the English Civil War & how long did it last?
  19.  Why did Charles I not call Parliament into session? How long did this last?
  20. What caused Charles I to call back Parliament? What happened then?
  21. What were the two sides in the English Civil War?
  22.  What was different about the New Model Army?
  23.  What happened to Charles I?
  24.  Who was Oliver Cromwell?  How did Cromwell try to purify England?
  25. How was the Rump Parliament created?   What was the Rump Parliament? What radical act did they perform in 1649?
  26. What was the Period of the Republic called? Who was in charge?
  27. Was the position of Lord Protector different from being a king?  If so, how?
  28. What was the Restoration?
  29. Name the three political theorists which emerged in the 1600s in England & their works  & describe the content of works.
  30. What provoked the Glorious Revolution?  Which monarchs were involved in the Glorious Revolution? Why was it Glorious?
  31. What were the parts of the Revolutionary Settlement?  What did it do economically?
  32. What principles were contained in the English Bill of Rights?
  33. What affect did the English Civil War have on Hobbes' writings? On Locke's?
  34.  What were the differences between Hobbes' & Locke's views of the social contract? 
  35. What was the origin of political parties?   What were the two main parties in England in the 18th century?
  36. Who was the first prime minister of Great Britain? What is his official title?
  37. What is the difference between the "Westminster" or Parliamentary system and a presidential system?
  38. Who was the last Stuart monarch?  What was the family name of the monarchs of England after the Stuarts?
  39. How did the political parties develop into the "honourable/ loyal opposition"?
  40. What is the role of the monarch in Britain now?  What does the monarch actually "do"?
  41. How many countries acknowledge the British sovereign as their own?

France & Absolutism (chapter 8)

  1.   Name the five elements that had to be handled or overcome in order to be an absolute monarch in France.
  2.  What was the state of religion in France in the 1500s?
  3. Why did Francis I tolerate the protestants? 
  4. How did Francis I increase the power of the king?
  5. What were the Gallican liberties?
  6. What was the policy of Henry II of France?
  7. Who was Catherine di Medici? What was her relationship with Henry II like?
  8. How was Catherine di Medici involved in the Reformation?
  9. Who were the Huguenots?  How were they treated initially?
  10. What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?  Who was responsible?
  11. Who were the contenders in the War of the 3 Henries?   How did it end?
  12. Describe the Provisions of the Edict of Nantes.
  13. What is absolutism?  What do we mean by divine Right?
  14.  How did Henry IV help France?
  15. What is the Paullette? How did this hurt France long-term?
  16. What problems did Henry IV of France not solve completely?
  17.  What was the relationship between Cardinal Richelieu & Louis XIII?
  18. Which three challenges did Richelieu & Louis XIII overcome/ change?  Which issue did they NOT solve?
  19. Who was the last Valois king of France? Who was the first of the Bourbon kings?

Scientific Revolution -- Chapter 11 -- Lecture on-line

  1. What was the old view (Ptolemy's) of how the universe worked?

  2. What were epicycles?

  3. Define geocentric and heliocentic.

  4. What was Copernicus' new theory? When was it published? What problems did it not fix?

  5. What was the Catholic church's problem with a heliocentric universe?

  6. Who was Tycho Brahe?

  7. What was Johann Kepler's contribution to the scientific revolution? What was eccentric about Kepler?

  8. What are the laws of planetary motion?

  9. Why is Galileo considered the last of the Renaissance thinkers?

  10. What observations did Galileo discuss in The Starry Messenger?

  11. What happened to Galileo as a result of his writings?

  12. What was Galileo's theory of motion? How did Galileo test his theory of motion?

  13. What were the four humors?

  14. Who was Paracelsus? What does his name mean? What did he do for medicine?

  15. What book did Vesalius publish? How did it change medical thinking?

  16. How did William Harvey help change medical thinking?

  17. Who was the Great Synthesizer? Why?

  18. Name four achievements of Isaac Newton besides his laws of motion.

  19. Name the three laws of motion. What book contained these ideas?

  20. What is the law of Universal Gravitation?

  21. What was Alexander Pope's famous quote about Newton?

  22. What were the results of Newton's new scientific laws?

  23. Who was Edmund Halley and what did he do?