Misc C++ Features

1. Output formatting
   1. iomanip library is useful for manipulating output
      1. setw(width) function used to output text in a fixed number of characters
      2. Example:

         // Put this with other include statements
         #include <iomanip>
         
         // Output each literal in a column of 7 spaces right justified
         cout << setw(7) << "You" << endl;
         cout << setw(7) << "say" << endl;
         cout << setw(7) << "goodbye" << endl;
         

         Output:

             You
             say
         goodbye
         

      3. std::left changes the alignment to the left

         // Make left justified
         cout << left;
         cout << setw(7) << "I" << setw(7) << "say" << setw(7) << "hello";
         

         Output:

         I      say    hello
         

   2. Controlling decimal number output
      1. std::fixed makes all floating-point numbers display their decimal points (no scientific notation)
      2. std::setprecision(places) rounds numbers to the specified number decimal places
      3. Example:

         double a = 1234567.159;
         cout << a << endl;    // 1.23457e+006
         
         cout << fixed;
         cout << a << endl;    // 1234567.159000
         
         cout << setprecision(2);
         cout << a << endl;    // 1234567.16
         

2. Constants
   1. Variables whose values cannot be modified
   2. Can make program easier to read and modify in the future
   3. Use const before declaration and always assign a value

      // Correct
      const double PI = 3.14;
      
      // Wrong!
      const double PI;
      PI = 3.14;
      
      // Using a constant
      area = PI * radius * radius;
      

   4. Best practice is to use ALL CAPS for constants
3. Special assignment operators
   
   

   Example	Equivalent
   x++;	x = x + 1;
   x--;	x = x - 1;
   x += 2;	x = x + 2;
   x -= 2;	x = x - 2;
   x *= 2;	x = x * 2;
   x /= 2;	x = x / 2;
   x %= 2;	x = x % 2;